Classifications of SFP Optical Transceiver

Rate Classification
In accordance with the rate, there are 155M/622M/1.25G/2.125G/4.25G/8G/10G SFP optical transceivers, among which 155M and 1.25G are used widely on the market. 10G SFP technology is becoming mature, with rising trend development of demand.
Wavelength Classification
According to the wavelength, SFP optical transceiver can be divided into 850nm/1310nm/1550nm/1490nm/1530nm/1610nm. The one with 850nm wavelength is SFP multi module, while SFP single module is of transmission distance below 2KM and the wavelength 1310/1550nm. In addition, it enjoys transmission distance more than 2KM. These three wavelengths are sold on relatively cheaper price than the other three.
Nude modules without identity are easy to be confused so that manufacturers will generally distinguish them on the color of the rings, such as: black ring for multimode, of wavelength 850nm; blue is module of wavelength 1310nm; yellow is module of 1550nm wavelength; purple is module of wavelength 1490nm.
Module Classification
Multimode
Almost all of the multimode fiber sizes are 50/125µm or 62.5/125µm, and their bandwidth (fibre information transmission quantity) usually are 200MHz to 2GHz. Through the multimode optical fibers, multimode optical transmitter and receiver can transmit for 5 km. SFP multimode module adopts light emitting diodes or lasers as the light source. Their ring color is black.

Single Module
Dimension of single module optical fiber is 9-10/125µm, and compared to multi module optical fiber, it has unlimited bandwidth and low loss. Single module optical transmitter and receiver are mostly used for long distance transmission, sometimes reaching 150 to 200 km. It adopts LD or LED of a narrow spectral line as light source. Its ring colors may be blue, yellow, or purple.
Differences and Relations
Single module fiber optic is cheap, but single module device cost much more than the same type multi module devices. Single module devices can usually run in both single module optical fiber, and multi module fiber, while multi module devices are restricted to running on the multimode optical fiber.
10G SFP optical module has been through development of 300Pin, XENPAK, X2, XFP, ultimately achieving to transmit 10G signals by the same size with SFP, and this is SFP+. SFP, by its virtue of small size and low cost, meets the high-density requirements of devices to optic modules. Since 2010, it has replaced XFP and become the main stream in 10G market.
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Brief Introduction to Waterproof LED Strip

Definition
Waterproof LED strips are also called waterproof LED flexible strips. The product is shaped like a soft tape, with strong flexibility, collapsible and flexible, with LED SMD beads of uniform low power distribution on surface. Waterproof LED strips can give out brighter light as replacement for traditional lighting and so they are called LED flexible strips. According to customers' needs, they can give out light of a variety of colors such as red, green and blue, as well as light of colors matched by those three primary colors. Their colors are soft and bright and can be used for pure lighting or decoration.

Classifications of LED Flexible Strips
According to the waterproof grades, they can be divided into non-waterproof LED strips, dispensing waterproof LED flexible strips (waterproof grade IP55), half casing waterproof LED flexible strips (waterproof grade IP65), and full casing waterproof LED flexible strips (waterproof grade IP68). Among them, full casing waterproof LED flexible strips are divided into simple full casing LED waterproof strips, silicone filling LED waterproof strips, and filling silicone waterproof effect is obviously superior to simple full casing LED waterproof strips.
According to glue water material used for waterproof, LED flexible strips are divided into epoxy resin glue and silica gel. As to appearance and light effect, waterproof led Strip filled with silicone give out light with greater strength, and it feels comfortable, also taking the environmental protection idea into account. But it suffers one disadvantage, its weak flexibility and frangibility. In contrast, epoxy resin glue is chosen for most LED strips because it has better flexibility and is relatively inexpensive. Thus it is widely used.
According to the chips classes and the number of LED beads, LED flexible strip lamps are currently divided into common 3528 and 5050 these two types. Depending on the quantity of lamp beads per meter, LED strips are divided into: 30 lamps, 48 lamps, 60 lamps these common specifications. Because of its small power (0.06W), 3528 can be made to maximum 120 lamps/m.
According to circuit board width of flexible strips, they can be divided into 5MM, 8MM, 10MM 12MM, as well as 15MM waterproof LED strips.


Applications of Waterproof LED Strip
1. Home decoration;
2. Path indication and outer wall decoration;
3. Backlight illumination for billboard, advertising signs, aisle signs, etc;
4. Automotive chassis decoration, high mounted stop indication, auto body decoration, inner car decoration light, etc;
5. Holiday decoration, event venue decoration, show ground decoration, exhibition hall decoration;
6. Entertainment venue decoration such as hotels and KTV;
7. Commercial lighting applications.

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The 3D Films History

3D films have existed in some form since 1915. It was prominently featured in the 1950s in American cinema, and later experienced a worldwide resurgence in the 1980s and 1990s driven by IMAX high-end theaters and Disney themed-venues. In the 2000s, 3D films became more and more successful. Here are successful 3D movies with their released years.

1839, British scientist Charles Wheatstone invented stereoscopic glasses according to the principle “the left and right eyes of the people watching the same image but producing different results”.
1922, the first 3D movie in the world "Power of Love" showed. Unfortunately, the film has been lost long ago. Early 3D movies are mainly to show the three-dimensional effect. It often happened that pointing to the audience with gun, threw objects to audience, etc.
1952, "Adventures in Africa" which was telling an African adventure was identified as the first-ever true 3D feature film. The film's slogan is "lion in your lap, lover in your arms".

1953, the "House of Wax" and a number of 3D horror films emerged into the golden age of 3D chip in the fifties of the last century.
1954, Hitchcock made the 3D version of "Telephone Murder” and it became as one of the best 3D movies.
In 1962, China's Tianma Film Studio produced the first 3D stereoscopic film "Magician Adventure". In 1982, Disney produced the short film "Magic Tour". Though this short film is only 16 minutes, mixed performances by CGI and live action, it also created surprising 3D effect.
In 1983, the 3D version of "Jaws Ⅲ" got $ 13 million at the first week.

In 1985, the movie "Magic Crystal Fighters" became the world's first 3D animated feature film.
In 2004, the first IMAX 3D film "The Polar Express" was born. It showed on ordinary 2D screen in 2000, and 3D IMAX screen which has only 75 pieces. But this kind of 3d holographic projection was a huge commercial potential for producers.
In 2005, Disney's animated film "Chickens Story” had a new projection technology screening to eliminate eye fatigue.
In 2008, "U2 3D Concert” is the first live-action film shot entirely in 3D camera.
…
Thanks to the projection screen manufacturers, we can enjoy more and more exciting 3D movies in theater and even at home.

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This article is come from:http://www.chinaphoneparts.com/index.php/the-3d-films-history.htm

Applicable Occasions of Induction Light

Corridor LED Human Body Induction Lights

Traditional induction lights are installed in the corridor and generally are composed of two parts, the human body induction panel switch and the light source, the light source is incandescent, and the two separated in housing construction should well equip the line and position. Incandescent tungsten cannot withstand frequent switch, so every year you have to replace the broken lights, and the artificial maintenance costs are too high. LED body induction lights have built-in light source and the human body sensing device, you only need to install the screw into the general E27 base, then you can reach the body induction lamp. The lights open when people come near, and when people go, the lamp will be out. The installation placed between the corner and down the stairs can response to the upstairs and downstairs, in addition to that the induction light source life is long, low-voltage operation, so the frequent switches do not have impact on it. Now the residential buildings is not the same as the conventional single-family detached, high-rise buildings in the estate, and there were several dozens of families, LED human sensor lights installed in each floor public corridor is very appropriate, whenever the owners come back home, or come out from the elevator, the LED sensor light will be bright, in the 1-minute time delay, the owners have enough time to open their own door and into the house.

Balcony LED Human Body Induction Light

In the past, the balcony lighting is an incandescent lamp or ceiling light. The balcony belonging to the semi-outdoor, when open the lights at night, mosquitoes and flies will turn around the lights, and do not remember in life from time to time off the balcony lights. If LED Ceiling induction bulbs or the human body sensors light bulbs are installed in this position, these two issues can be resolved, LED is a cold light source, no ultraviolet, will not provoke mosquito, intelligent sensing body in the balcony during light lit people left the lamp, and it is power-saving and convenient.

The Toilets LED Human Body Sensor Lights

Maybe you may ask: Isn't the LED human sensor lights installed in the toilets not afraid to wet? Do not worry. The housing of the lamp body is plastic, LED lamp beads are not afraid of humidity as the light source. When people are in the toilet, the light is in the lit state, when people walk away, since they do not have to switch, so they completely no need to worry the wet hands risk of electric shock.

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This article is come from:http://www.lightingequipment4u.com/applicable-occasions-of-induction-light/

Work Principle of CFL Energy-saving Lamps

The introduction of CFL lamps

Energy-saving lamps are called trichromatic electronic compact fluorescent lamps (CFL lamps), and it was first invented in 1978 by foreign manufacturers, because it has the features of high luminous efficiency (which is five times that of ordinary cfl lamps), significant energy savings, long life (is ordinary the lamp eight times), small size, ease of use, it is valued and welcomed by the peoples and countries, in China 1982, first in the Lighting Research Institute of Fudan University successfully developed the SL-type compact fluorescent lamps, the past two decades, the production rapid growth, steadily improving the quality, the state has as promotion and use it as the national focus on the development of energy-saving products (green lighting products).

The working principle of the energy-saving lamp

The working principle of the energy-saving lamp ballast to the lamp filament heated to about 1160K temperature, the filament began to emit electrons (because some electronic powder coating on the filament), electron impact inelastic collisions of argon atoms, argon atoms after the collision energy and the impact of mercury atoms mercury atoms absorb energy transitions produce ionizing issued 253.7nm UV ultraviolet excitation light-emitting phosphors, the fluorescent work filament temperature of about 1160K, the working temperature than incandescent 2200K -2700K is much lower, so its life span is also large, up to more than 5000 hours, because it does not exist as current incandescent thermal effect of electronic ballast, the energy conversion efficiency of the phosphor of electronic ballast is also very high, reaching more than 60 lumens per watt.

The information of ordinary incandescent light

Ordinary incandescent light efficiency is about 10 lumens per watt, and the life is about 2000 hours or so, it work principle is when the lamp is accessed to circuit, the current flows through the filament, and the heating effect of current incandescent issued continuous visible and infrared, this phenomenon in the filament temperature to rise to 700K can be aware of the work when the filament temperature is high, most of the energy is wasted in the form of infrared radiation. In quite a long period of time, some places and manufacturers have carried out the energy-saving lamp projects while capital, technology, raw materials and process have been not fully implemented, so that the product quality cannot be guaranteed, the quality of products for enterprises the imbalance, some manufacturers do not follow process requirements, lamps and components assembly plant selection undesirable patchwork composition, quality second lowest, serious damage to the reputation of the energy-saving lamps, the luminous efficiency is low, life is short, consistency, community energy-saving lamps Energy Saving money is not festival saying, bring a lot of negative impact to the promotion of energy-saving lamps.

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This article is come from:http://www.chinaphoneparts.com/index.php/work-principle-of-cfl-energy-saving-lamps.htm

Teach You How to Buy LED Panel Lights

Current situation of LED panel light market

In recent years, since the rapid development of LED lighting industry, LED lighting product advantage has been recognized by the people, and also won the strong support from national government, directly benefit the lighting fixtures manufacturers producing LED panel lights. The energy-saving, environmental protection, high light efficiency, long life and other effects of LED panel lights attract many led panel light manufacturer to be actively involved in the LED panel light production factory ranks. Due to low LED lighting industry barriers to entry and blind investment of some manufacturers, it leads to the quality of LED panel lights on the market varies greatly, LED lamp prices also vary widely. With the development of the market, consumers have to polish your own eyes, calmly and scientific select the best cost-effective LED lamps.

LED panel lights are widely used in indoor lighting

LED panel lights are more and more widely used in the field of indoor lighting, but how to properly buy LED panel lights has become the problem that people are most concerned about. Let’s work together to understand the performance of the LED panel lights as well as how to purchase. We first directly see the quality of the LED panel lights from nine aspects.



1. Brightness. Different LED brightness, different prices. LED for LED lamps shall comply with Laser Class I standard.

2. Antistatic ability. LEDs with strong antistatic ability have long life, and therefore prices are higher. Usually LED static more than 700V can be used for LED lighting.

3. Wavelength. LED with consistent wavelength has the same color. If the color is required to be consistent, the price is high. It is difficult for LED Tube manufacturer who have no LED testing instrument to produce pure colors.

4. Leakage. Current LED is the one way conductive light, if there is reverse current, it is called leakage; the LED with large leakage current has short life, and available at low prices.

5. Glow. LED with different angle uses has different beam angle. Special light-emitting angle, the price is higher. If all diffusion angle, the price is higher.

6. Life. The key to different quality is life, and life is decided by the light fades. Small light decay, long life, long life, high price.

7. Chips. The light-emitting body of LED is a chip; different chips, the price varies greatly. The chips from Japan, the United States are more expensive, generally the prices of chips made in Taiwan are lower than Japan and the United States.

8. Chip size. The size of the chip is represented by edge length; big chip LED quality is better than the small chip. The price is proportional to the chip size.

9. Colloid. Ordinary LED colloidal is generally epoxy resin, the price of LED added with UV resistance and fire retardant is expensive, high-quality outdoor LED lighting should be UV and fire proof.

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This article is come from:http://www.lightingequipment4u.com/teach-you-how-to-buy-led-panel-lights/

Notes for Battery Selection and Use

How to choose and buy the battery:

1．Choose battery products with "state inspection", "Chinese famous brand" logo, and local brand-name battery products, because the quality of these products has a certain degree of protection. 2．Select the applicable battery type and size specifications in accordance with the requirements of the electrical appliances, and buy the battery of electric appliances in accordance with the power consumption and characteristics of electrical appliances. 3．Note the production date and shelf life of the Vinnic batteries, purchase recently produced battery (new battery); the performance of a new battery is good. 4．Pay attention to check the battery's appearance, you should buy battery with exquisite packaging, neat and clean appearance, no leakage signs. 5．Pay attention to the sign of the battery, the battery shall be marked with production plant name, battery polarity, battery models, nominal voltage trademarks; sales packaging (such as two heat-shrinkable or four heat-shrinkable, or tag hanging card) should have Chinese site, production date and shelf life or indicate the deadline for the shelf life, the implementation standard number. When you buy alkaline manganese batteries, you should see whether the Model has ALKALINE or LR words. 6．Because the mercury in the carbon zinc batteries is harmful to the environment, in order to protect the environment, you should select batteries whose trademark labeled with "mercury-free", "0% mercury", "no added mercury" at the time of purchase.

Matters need pay attention in the use of battery:

1. The electrical and battery contacts should be clean, wipe with a damp cloth when necessary, and load correctly according to the polarity mark after drying. Please see the battery polarity when installing ("+" and "-"), the installation is very important. The recommended batteries should be installed according to the manual requirements of the appliances; it will result in appliance malfunction, damage electrical appliances and / or battery if not according to specification requirements.

2. All batteries in a battery pack should be replaced at the same time, do not mix old and new batteries; do not mix use batteries of same model but different electrochemical type or brand, otherwise it would be a set of batteries in use will be in over-discharge state, thereby increasing the possibility of leakage. 3. The disposable batteries cannot be renewed by heating or charging, otherwise it may explode. 4. The battery cannot short-circuit, in order to avoid the battery leak and heat insulation damage to packaging. 5. If the electrical appliances are not used for the long-term, then you should timely remove the battery, turn off power after use, in order to avoid the battery to continue to discharge and make its internal adverse chemical reaction to cause the leak. 6. Waste batteries should not be thrown away, separately put them from other garbage as far as possible.

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This article is come from:http://www.chinaphoneparts.com/index.php/notes-for-battery-selection-and-use.htm